In the spring of 2019, a team of students at the Buell Center working on the "Architecture and Engineering Services" initiative sought to better understand the major players, financing, and timelines of specific architectural projects that were significantly affected by Hurricane Katrina. And for each of them, while many questions were answered, many more emerged—illustrating both the potentials and difficulties of tracing the economic, technical, and political paths of power through the built environment. The below research, by Jiazhen Lin (GSAPP MArch '21), takes a close look at the transformation of the public education system of New Orleans through the lens of Booker T. Washington High School, connecting educational opportunity and environmental justice through one building.

CONTEXT

Prior to Hurricane Katrina, the creation of the state-overseen Recovery School District (RSD) to take over “failing” public schools and hand over their management to independent, non-profit charter organizations highlighted the need for district-wide education reform in the Orleans Parish. Although charter schools are still funded with taxpayer money, they are operated by independent organizations with less regulation than district schools. After Katrina’s cataclysmic effects resounded throughout New Orleans in August of 2005, the RSD’s oversight of Orleans Parish schools increased from 5 to 107 out of the 128 schools in the district, largely due to the expanded provisions for takeover under Act 35.1 Due to the damage to school campuses and a decreased student population of 43,000 from 65,000 pre-Katrina totals, the 2008 School Facilities Master Plan for Orleans Parish recommended that 67 sites would be used for Pre K-8, 17 for grades 9-12, and 52 would be landbanked or repurposed.2 In some instances, the master plan designations resulted in district schools being ousted from their own buildings by charter schools and forced to convene elsewhere in temporary facilities or merge with other campuses. Booker .T Washington High School serves as a case study for how disaster recovery funding for renovating and constructing new school facilities aided the consolidation and conversion of the public school system into the first all charter district in the nation.

KEY PLAYERS

BTW - Booker T. Washington High School (BTW)
KIPP NEW ORLEANS SCHOOLS (DUNS 963033761) - Charter network awarded BTW in 2015
BESE - State Board of Elementary and Secondary Education
RSD - Recovery School District (DUNS 794517834)
OPSB - Orleans Parish School Board (DUNS 079460093
Remediation - Louisiana Department of Environmental Quality Underground Storage Tank and Remediation Division (LDEQ / USTRD)
Morphy Makofsky Incorporated - engineer of new BTW campus
Hewitt Washington and Associates - architect of new BTW campus
GOHSEP - Governor’s Office of Homeland Security and Emergency Preparedness. Receives funding on behalf of the State of Louisiana through the Public Assistance (PA), Hazard Mitigation (HM) Grant Programs (Disaster and Non Disaster Mitigation Assistance) and Preparedness grant programs (EMPG and HSGP: SHSP, UASI, OPSG, etc.) from the Federal Emergency Management Agency, an agency of  the U.S. Department of Homeland Security and other federal grant programs.
Parsons Commercial Technology Group, Magellan Consulting, Fanning/Howey Associates, Concordia, LLC - Assessed school buildings post-Katrina, compiled 2008 School Facilities Master Plan for Orleans Parish
RSD Recovery Plan Project Managers

• Alvarez & Marsal Public Sector Services (A&M) - 1st contractor for disaster recovery plan by RSD - failed to properly manage Modular Project; replaced
• HOV Services / Meridian Consulting Group - 2nd contractor, also failed to properly manage the Modular Project. RSD allowed their contract to expire
• Jacobs / CSRS - awarded $1.8 billion master plan project for school reconstruction in three contracts (2007, 2010, 2013). Services include: project delivery strategies, management of all pre-design, design, and construction phase activities, cost control, schedule management and quality assurance. Supported by two local subcontractors: Bright Moments and GOTECH, Inc

FUNDING3

20.9 Million - No Child Left Behind, US Department of Education Grant (2005) 
$1.8 Billion - FEMA Grant (August 2010)
$2,179,758 - OPSB US Department of Education Grant (2010, 84.215 - Fund for the Improvement of Education, Award ID S215C100003)
$1,500,000 - OPSB US Department of Education ( 2014, 84.215 - Fund for the Improvement of Education, Award ID S215G140129)
$282,473 - Algiers Charter School Association Inc., US Department of Education (2008, 84.184 - Safe and Drug-Free Schools and Communities National Programs, Award ID Q184E080313)

SPENDING

$1,502,725,917.25 - Recovery School District, Public Buildings and Facilities

• $105,356,479 - for RSD’s Modular Campus Construction Program; LA Auditor Daryl Purpera reported $6,120,258 of questionable costs4
• $484 Million (2007) - Jacobs / CSRS wins contract with Recovery School District to manage $484 million in school building construction. They are not listed as consultants on the 2008 Master Plan.
• $983 million (2010) - Jacobs / CSRS wins 2nd 3 year contract with Recovery School District.
• $28 Million (June 2013) Jacobs / CSRS wins 3rd 3 year contract with RSD. “The Jacobs/CSRS partnership will provide project and construction management, including Disaster Recovery Services which administer funding reimbursements from FEMA and the Community Development Block Grant. The Orleans Parish School board also holds a contract with Jacobs/CSRS of about $8 million.”5

$314,700,300.61 - Orleans Parish School Board, Various Orleans Parish School Board Facilities

• $14,573.35 (Received) - Booker T. Washington6

“A&E SERVICES”

There is an often significant discrepancy between what government contracting officials label as "A&E" (Architecture & Engineering) and what students and professionals from the field would include in that category. The timeline below seeks to highlight both perspectives. Contracts (and their related coding) for state-led projects, such as this, proved much more challenging to track than those held at the federal level.

National Institute of Governmental Purchasing (NIGP) Codes

• 90657, Professional Architect Services, Land Development, Planning

Other, speculatively identified, non-coded “A&E Services” are shown in italics

TIMELINE

Photo submitted with the 2002 nomination to the National Register of Historic Places showing main school (left) and auditorium (right).

September 1942
Architecture
Booker T. Washington, New Orleans’s first high school for African American students, is built at 2101 S. Roman Street in the Central City neighborhood on top of the former Clio St. / Silver City dump, the second largest landfill in the city.7 It is funded by the federal Works Progress Administration after the local school board failed to provide funding. In the years that follow, the auditorium will become well known as a place of congregation for the African American community, hosting concerts by famous musicians, civil rights meetings, and many other major events. It was designed in the Art Deco style by E.A. Christy; a gymnasium annex was completed in 1965 by the architects Bernard & Bernard and George J. Riehl.8

2002
Booker T. Washington is added to the National Register of Historic Places.9

August 2003
The passing of Act 9 creates the Recovery School District (RSD), which was to operate under the State Board of Elementary and Secondary Education. The act allows for the RSD to take over "failing" public schools. The Type 5 charter is designated for pre-existing schools transferred to the RSD. Many school buildings were in poor condition.10

2004
With enrollment at BTW at a low of 383 students (compared to a high of 1600 when it opened, and to the first major decrease to 750 students at the end of the 1970s as a result of desegregation) and test results the lowest in the state’s academic accountability program, BTW has to suspend its curriculum and switch to a vocational/technical one for the 2005–2006 school year. As this program is for a half day and does not offer students a high school diploma, they need to attend another high school but can attend BTW in the morning or afternoon.11

May 2005
State incursion leads to Superintendent Cecil J. Picard's selection of a private financial firm (Alvarez & Marsal, NY-based) to manage the school system’s fiscal practices. “The $16.8 million deal needed the approval of the OPSB. Picard warned that he would withhold federal and state education funds totaling $300 million annually if the board refused to confirm the agreement." The firm’s authority extended beyond financial management to decisions regarding school staff.12

August 18, 2005
BTW opens for the school year as a vocational center with 250 students, still under the jurisdiction of the OPSB.13

August 29, 2005
Hurricane Katrina makes landfall. At the time of the hurricane, the district had thousands more seats than students enrolled. Out of sixty-eight parishes in Louisiana, New Orleans’s public schools ranked second to last in performance. Five Orleans Parish schools had already been transferred to the RSD and converted into charters.14 110 out of 126 schools in the city were deemed severely damaged or destroyed by the hurricane, including Booker T. Washington.

September 30, 2005
Louisiana is awarded a $20.9 million No Child Left Behind grant through the Charter Schools Program, to help charter schools affected by the hurricane reopen, to create 10 new charter schools, and to enlarge existing charters to meet needs of displaced students.15

November 2005
Louisiana Legislature passes Act 35, which expands the authority of the RSD and the criteria by which it can take over schools performing below state averages.16 The expanded criteria for a “failing school” apply only to Orleans Parish. Under Act 9, only 13 schools would have been considered failing for takeover. With the passing of Act 35, the RSD takes control of 107 out of 128 public schools.17 Accordingly, the Louisiana Legislature transferred management authority for Booker T. Washington to the RSD, although it is still owned by the Orleans Parish School Board (OPSB).

April 2006
Professional Services-CFMS (Contract Financial Management System)
Alvarez & Marsal Public Sector Services (A&M) enters into a professional services contract with the RSD, agreeing to develop and implement a disaster recovery plan for the RSD. The original contract is for 36 months, starting April 3, 2006, and outlines a fee cap of $29,103,736. (Contract 635993)18

2006
Civil Court District Judge Nadine Ramsey rules in favor of the defendants in a 1993 class action lawsuit against the Orleans Parish School Board (OPSB), the Housing Authority of New Orleans (HANO), and HANO insurers, for knowingly allowing public and private housing, and the Robert Russa Moton Elementary School, to be built on top of the former Agriculture Street Landfill in the 9th ward.19

January 2007
Architecture
RSD contracts with Linfield, Hunter and Junius, Inc. (Linfield) to serve as the site work A&E firm for the Modular Project. (Contract 646091, $8,065,291.00)20

March 2007
The A&M contract fee cap is increased to $29,638,736 in to adjust for temporary labor services A&M procured from Nationwide for the RSD. The contract termination date is changed to October 31, 2007.21

April 2007
Architecture
The RSD enters into a contract with William Scotsman to purchase modular buildings for eight school campuses (Livingston, Williams, Gregory, Coghill, Abramson, Carver, Hughes, and Reed).22

May 2007
Construction Management
The RSD enters into a Modular Campus Site work contract with Arrighi Simoneaux Construction.23

2007
Architecture, Engineering,
Other Contract-CFMS (Contract Financial Management System)
Jacobs / CSRS wins a contract with the Recovery School District to manage $484 million in school building construction; only 48% of those projects were eventually completed but they nevertheless received the full amount.24 (Contract 656575, $1,488,040 states “THE CONTRACTOR WILL ASSIST THE STATE IN MANAGING THE CURRENT DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION OF ONGOING FACILITY PROJECTS UNDERTAKEN BY THE RECOVERY SCHOOL DISTRICT. FEMA - 100%”) (Contract 650335, $49,999 to assist the RSD with managing the construction and procurement of start-up phases of projects to place modular facilities for temporary schools) (Contract 650336, $49,999 to develop education specifications for facilities for replacement high schools) Jacobs Engineering / Jacobs Engineering Group Inc was awarded with Contracts 659753 ($27,361,204.56), 656574 ($1,886,486), and 653463 ($49,900).25

November 2008
A $1.8 Billion Master Plan is approved by the Orleans Parish School Board and Recovery School District. It calls for the renovation of Booker T. Washington and the land banking of Walter L. Cohen High School, meaning that the site could be redeveloped for other community uses or converted into housing, offices, or other public/private uses. The $700 million, FEMA–supported first phase is already underway.26

August 2010
New Orleans public schools receive a $1.8 billion FEMA grant to build or renovate about eighty-five schools. The grant bundles all Katrina damage to schools into one large project instead of a building-by-building accounting. Some schools have also made use of historic tax credits by selling them to third parties.27

2010
Architecture, Engineering, Construction Management
Jacobs / CSRS wins second three-year contract with the Recovery School District; only half of the $983 million in committed projects are completed to-date.28

October 2011
Amendments to the 2008 Master Plan are approved. Projects for BTW and Walter L. Cohen High did not change.

May 31, 2012
Leaaf Environmental LLC publicizes the Limited Phase 2 Environmental Site Assessment Report - soil at Booker T. Washington is contaminated with toxic levels of antimony, arsenic, barium, cadmium, copper, lead, zinc, and mercury.29

April 2016 Google Street View showing Booker T. Washington High School following its majority demolition

2012
Booker T. Washington High School is demolished, auditorium and entrance are spared due to their historical significance.30

June 2013
Architecture, Engineering, Construction Management
Jacobs / CSRS wins their third three-year contract with the RSD for $28 million. City Inspector General Ed Quatrevaux says the state Department of Education wasted $33 million in taxpayer money by overpaying the company overseeing $1.8 billion master plan. According to Quatrevaux, the state should have reduced the Jacobs / CSRS contract because of the reductions to the number and cost of school building projects. State superintendent John White and Jacobs director John Wallace say the company got a flat fee, and that there was no way to reduce payments.31

December 2013
LDEQ / USTRD accepts the remediation suggestions chosen by the RSD in response to the August 20, 2013 LDEQ Site Investigation and Risk Evaluation Corrective Action Program Report, which had found unsafe levels of heavy metals in up to ten feet of soil at BTW.32

January 2014
Architecture
CB&I Government Solutions, Inc. prepares the “Corrective Action Workplan” for the Recovery School District in response to toxic chemicals found on the BTW site. The report recommends the excavation and removal of all concrete foundations (except for the two remaining structures) followed by the top three feet of soil. Next, a layer of geotextile fabric was to be placed to keep lower contaminated soil from shifting upward, followed by filling the three feet of replacement soil and building a new foundation on top.33   (Contract 2000121423, $471,512)34

2014
Arrangements for the BTW property are made between the OPSB and the RSD. The RSD is to identify land near the BTW site for use as green space or athletic fields, as well as secure the S. Prieur Street right-of-way for the school. The OPSB will purchase or acquire land on behalf of the RSD, with the purchase commitment limited by whatever funds come from the sale of surplus or landbanked properties, or as provided by the RSD.35

May 2014
The Recovery School District shuts down the last five public schools, becoming the first all-charter district in the nation. Total enrollment is lower than it was pre-Katrina, due to a decreased city population.36

May–June, 2015
The Louisiana House Education Committee advances House Bill 180 to ban building schools on toxic waste sites in response to the Recovery School District’s unveiling of plans to rebuild Booker T. Washington High School on the same site for $55 million.37 The bill failed to pass in the Senate Education Committee.38

August 3, 2015
The Walter L. Cohen Alumni Association and the Sierra Club send notice to file suit, pursuant to the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act 42 U.S.C. 6972(b)(1), to protest the potential moving of Walter L.Cohen High School students to the Booker T. Washington campus.39

September 9, 2015
Architecture
The contract for the new Booker T. Washington High School and for the Rehabilitation of the Auditorium Project is approved for Hewitt Washington & Associates. (Contract 2000127427, $6,414,150.74, Began 12/9/2010 Ending 12/9/2019)40

October 20, 2015
The RSD decides to longer move Walter L. Cohen High School to Booker T. Washington, as a three-way campus deal is reached:41

• The Recovery School District to award a $51 million Booker T. Washington High School project to KIPP New Orleans Schools (previously assigned to Cohen College Prep Charter School), plus an additional $3 million for environmental remediation.
• KIPP to find their own financing to build a new school offsite that will combine an elementary and middle school, to be called KIPP Believe. This school will house 950 students in kindergarten through 8th grade, in partnership with the Bayou District Foundation, a mixed-income community at the former St. Bernard housing complex.
• Money to fix two KIPP schools goes to Cohen repairs; Cohen students will remain there and not join Booker T. Washington.

May 2016
Act 91 passes. The bill intends to transfer all schools under RSD oversight back to the OPSB by July 1 2018. Schools will still be independent charters run by non-profit boards, but they will now be overseen by the OPSB and its superintendent.42

June 16, 2017
Booker T. Washington High school is taken off of the National Historic Register due to the demolition of most of its campus.43

December 2018
KIPP BTW students (ninth and tenth grades) are currently in school at 2514 Third Street. BTW is not (yet) listed under the Orleans Parish School Board leadership on the National Center for Education Statistics.44

August 2019
Re-opening of Booker T. Washington High at 1201 S Roman Street is anticipated.45

NOTES

• 1Louisiana State Legislature, House of Representatives, House Bill No. 121, First Extraordinary Session, 2005, Act No. 25, http://www.columbia.edu/itc/journalism/cases/katrina/State%20of%20Louisiana/Louisiana%20State%20Legislature/LA%20House/HB121%20Schools.pdf.
• 2Sources report a varying number of total schools in Orleans Parish before Katrina.
• 3Grant details sourced from USAspending.gov.
• 4Daryl Purpera, Louisiana Legislative Auditor, A Compliance Audit Report on the Recovery School District’s Modular Campus Construction Program, April 3, 2013, Report No. 52120006,https://app.lla.state.la.us/PublicReports.nsf/D37141BC3E866E5586257B42006D57FE/$FILE/00031562.pdf.
• 5Steve Urosevich, “New Orleans Continues to Rebuild Schools with Master Plan,” School Construction News, June 19, 2013, http://schoolconstructionnews.com/2013/06/19/new-orleans-continues-rebuild-schools-master-plan/.
• 6OPSB and top line RSD spending figures pulled from an online database compiled by the Governor’s Office of Homeland Security and Emergency Preparedness and shared with NOLA (https://www.nola.com/katrina/2015/08/search_database_of_katrina_spe.html).
• 7Brentin Mock, “Reading, Writing, & Arsenic: New Orleans school planned atop toxic dump,” Grist,  November 20, 2013, https://grist.org/cities/reading-writing-arsenic-new-orleans-school-planned-atop-toxic-dump/.
• 8“Booker T. Washington High School,” Historic American Buildings Survey, http://lcweb2.loc.gov/master/pnp/habshaer/la/la0600/la0678/data/la0678data.pdf.
• 9Marta Jewson, "What's Left of Booker T. Washington High School Has Been Taken off National Register of Historic Places,” The Lens, July 28, 2017, https://thelensnola.org/2017/07/28/whats-left-of-booker-t-washington-high-school-has-been-taken-off-national-register-of-historic-places/.
• 10“Recovery School District," Cowen Institute, Tulane University, April 2011,  http://www.thecoweninstitute.com.php56-17.dfw3-1.websitetestlink.com/uploads/SPELA-2011-4-1505921027.pdf.
• 11“Booker T. Washington High School."
• 12Peter Burns and Matthew Thomas, “Teaching in the Storm's Wake: Post-Katrina Public Education Reform in New Orleans,” September 2009, 73, https://www.researchgate.net/publication/228124440_Teaching_in_the_Storm%27s_Wake_Post-Katrina_Public_Education_Reform_in_New_Orleans.
• 13“Booker T. Washington High School."
• 14Emily Langhorne, “Following New Orleans’s Lead on Charter School Education,” Washington Post, July 1, 2018, https://www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/following-new-orleanss-lead-on-charter-school-education/2018/07/01/560814ae-7ae8-11e8-80be-6d32e182a3bc_story.html?utm_term=.843941669c25.
• 15Pamela N. Frazier-Anderson, "Public Schooling in Post-Hurricane Katrina New Orleans: Are Charter Schools the Solution or Part of the Problem?", Journal of African American History 93, no. 3 (2008): 410-29. http://www.jstor.org/stable/25609997.
• 16Louisiana State Legislature, House of Representatives, House Bill No. 121. 
• 17Kari Harden, “New Orleans nearing a ‘privatized’ public school system,” Louisiana Weekly, June 2, 2014, http://www.louisianaweekly.com/new-orleans-nearing-a-privatized-public-school-system/.
• 18See the Louisiana Checkbook Expired Contracts Archives https://checkbook.louisiana.gov. Supplemental details available in response letter from William V. Roberti, Managing Director of Alvarez & Marsal Public Sector Services LLC. https://app.lla.state.la.us/PublicReports.nsf/D37141BC3E866E5586257B42006D57FE/$FILE/supplement00031562.pdf.
• 19Kari Harden, “RSD Moving Forward with Building School on Toxic Waste Site,” Louisiana Weekly, May 11, 2015, www.louisianaweekly.com/rsd-moving-forward-with-building-school-on-toxic-waste-site/.
• 20See the Louisiana Checkbook Expired Contracts Archives https://checkbook.louisiana.gov. Supplemental details available in response letter from William V. Roberti, Managing Director of Alvarez & Marsal Public Sector Services LLC. https://app.lla.state.la.us/PublicReports.nsf/D37141BC3E866E5586257B42006D57FE/$FILE/supplement00031562.pdf.
• 21Contract located through the Louisiana Checkbook Expired Contracts Archives https://checkbook.louisiana.gov.
• 22William V. Roberti, Managing Director of Alvarez & Marsal to Paul G. Pastorek, Superintendent of Education, State of Louisiana, June 19, 2013. Response from Alvarez & Marsal Public Sector Services, LLC, June 19, 2013,  https://app.lla.state.la.us/PublicReports.nsf/D37141BC3E866E5586257B42006D57FE/$FILE/supplement00031562.pdf. Note: this contract is not listed in the Louisiana Checkbook Archives.
• 23Ibid.
• 24Danielle Dreilinger, "Recovery School District Wasted $33 Million in Construction Oversight, Inspector General Says," nola.com, June 28, 2013, https://www.nola.com/education/2013/06/recovery_school_district_waste.html.
• 25Contract located through the Louisiana Checkbook Expired Contracts Archives https://checkbook.louisiana.gov.
• 26Cindy Chang, “$1.8 Billion from FEMA for Hurricane Katrina School Rebuilding Is 'worth the Wait,' Sen. Mary Landrieu Says," nola.com, August 26, 2010, https://www.nola.com/katrina/index.ssf/2010/08/18_billion_from_fema_for_hurri.html.
• 27Marta Jewson, "New Orleans Has 19 New Public Schools as $1.8 Billion Building Plan Continues," The Lens, August 25, 2015, https://thelensnola.org/2015/08/25/new-orleans-has-19-new-public-schools-as-1-8-billion-building-plan-continues/.
• 28Dreilinger, "Recovery School District Wasted $33 Million in Construction Oversight, Inspector General Says."
• 29James H. Raby, “Stop Closing and Merging Urban Schools,” Louisiana Weekly, August 26, 2013, http://www.louisianaweekly.com/stop-closing-and-merging-urban-schools/.
• 30Marta Jewson, "What's Left of Booker T. Washington High School Has Been Taken off National Register of Historic Places," The Lens, July 28, 2017, https://thelensnola.org/2017/07/28/whats-left-of-booker-t-washington-high-school-has-been-taken-off-national-register-of-historic-places/.
• 31Dreilinger, "Recovery School District Wasted $33 Million in Construction Oversight, Inspector General Says."
• 32Kari Harden, “Cohen Alumni Association sues state to stop toxic build,” Louisiana Weekly, April 15, 2014, http://www.louisianaweekly.com/cohen-alumni-association-sues-state-to-stop-toxic-build/.
• 33CB&I Government Solutions, Inc., Corrective Action Workplan, January 2014, https://www.documentcloud.org/documents/2293994-btw-corrective-action-workplan-1-2014.html.
• 34See the Louisiana Checkbook Expired Contracts Archives https://checkbook.louisiana.gov.
• 35City Planning Commission to Honorable City Council, Report and Recommendation of the City Planning Commission, October 30, 2017, http://cityofno.granicus.com/MetaViewer.php?view_id=7&clip_id=2829&meta_id=394289.
• 36Danielle Dreilinger, "Recovery School District will be country’s first all-charter district in September 2014," nola.com, December 19, 2013, https://www.nola.com/education/2013/12/recovery_school_district_will_3.html
• 37Danielle Dreilinger, "Bill Banning Toxic School Sites Advances in Louisiana House," nola.com, May 07, 2015, https://www.nola.com/education/2015/05/bill_banning_toxic_school_site.html.
• 38Danielle Dreilinger, “ Toxic Waste Sites Still OK for Louisiana Schools, Senators Decide,” nola.com, June 04, 2015, https://www.nola.com/education/2015/06/toxic_schools_bill_fails_to_ad.html.
• 39Walter L. Cohen Alumni Association and Sierra Club to Mr. White, Mr. Dobard, Dr. Lewis, Mr. Perret, Mr. Songy, Mr. Udovic, and Mr. Morgan, August 3, 2015, in https://www.tulane.edu/~telc/assets/Notice%20Letters/8-3-15_Booker_T_Washington_HS.pdf.
• 40See the Louisiana Checkbook Expired Contracts Archives https://checkbook.louisiana.gov.
• 41Patrick Dobard, Superintendent of Recovery School District, to Colleagues, October 20, 2015, in https://www.documentcloud.org/documents/2471613-kipp-collegeprepletter-final.html.
• 42Ryan Whirty, “OPSB, RSD unification calls for reapplication for some,” Louisiana Weekly, April 23, 2018, http://www.louisianaweekly.com/opsb-rsd-unification-calls-for-reapplication-for-teachers/.
• 43Marta Jewson, "What's Left of Booker T. Washington High School Has Been Taken off National Register of Historic Places," The Lens, July 28, 2017, https://thelensnola.org/2017/07/28/whats-left-of-booker-t-washington-high-school-has-been-taken-off-national-register-of-historic-places/.
• 44Relayed via Facebook message with KIPP New Orleans Schools on December 10, 2018.
• 45Expected completion date relayed to author via phone by BTW secretary.